During the fight-or-flight response, which substances are released to promote energy mobilization?

• A. Dopamine and Serotonin
• B. Gamma-aminobutyric acid and Glutamate
• C. Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
• D. Endorphins and Enkephalins

Answer: (C)

During the fight-or-flight response, the body rapidly mobilizes energy through the sympathetic-adrenal system by releasing catecholamines: norepinephrine and epinephrine. Norepinephrine, released from sympathetic nerves, helps increase heart rate and redirects blood toward muscles, preparing the body for quick action. Epinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla, acts on the liver and fat tissue to boost glucose release (glycogenolysis) and fatty acid breakdown (lipolysis), raising blood sugar and available energy so muscles can respond quickly. This coordinated surge provides the rapid energy supply needed for action.

The other substances listed don’t play that primary energy-mobilizing role. Dopamine and serotonin are more about mood, motivation, and reward. GABA and glutamate regulate neuronal activity, not energy availability in a stress response. Endorphins and enkephalins are pain-relief peptides and analgesics rather than energy mobilizers.